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肠道微生态与骨骼肌疾病

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骨骼肌肉疾病和肠道微生态

骨骼肌肉疾病是什么?

骨骼肌肉疾病,包括骨质疏松症、骨关节炎、肌肉减少症、骨肿瘤等,随着全球老龄化进展,已经成为威胁人类健康的主要疾病之一[1]这些疾病最常见的特征是急、慢性疼痛,身体机能下降,甚至造成严重残疾和死亡率增加[2]。大多数肌肉骨骼疾病的预防和治疗包括药物干预(例如缓解疼痛的非特异性药物或针对肌肉骨骼疾病病理生理学的特异性药物)和/或非药物干预(例如积极的生活方式、足够的膳食纤维、蛋白质、钙和维生素 D摄入,体重管理)[3]。尽管这些治疗方法的不断发展确实减轻了患者的主要疼痛并提高了患者的生活质量,但仍有相当比例的患者获益很少或没有获益,甚至出现不良反应[4]。并且随着我国老龄化进展及医疗卫生水平的提高,此类疾病相关的社会问题和经济负担向我国的公共卫生系统提出新的挑战,因此,亟需寻找一种可行有效的治疗方案则至关重要。

 

肠道菌丛是什么?

人体肠道内定植着数目庞大(1014)、结构复杂(超过1000 种细菌)的微生物群落(约1.5公斤)[5]。其细胞总量几乎是人体自身细胞数量的10倍,基因总量是人类自身基因的150倍,从营养、代谢、免疫等诸多方面影响人体健康[6]。近20年来,肠道微生态在人体中的作用得到国际上前所未有的重视。肠道微生态与机体存在共生关系,是人体最为重要的微生态系统,相当于一个重要代谢“器官”[6, 7]

 

肠道微生态与骨骼肌肉疾病的关系

营养吸收

肠道菌丛可以发酵人体不可消化的底物(如膳食碳水化合物和内源性肠粘液),影响各种维生素吸收,进行胆汁酸的生物转化,合成必需和非必需氨基酸等等,对人体健康产生重要影响。例如:肠道菌群可影响肠道的PH值,这是营养吸收的一个重要过程,尤其是钙[8]。除了钙之外,肠道菌群可促进维生素B和维生素K的合成[9-12],这些在骨代谢过程中起着重要的作用。另外,肠道菌丛通过调节胆汁酸的代谢在控制钙吸收方面也发挥关键作用[13]充足摄入蛋白质的对于维持骨骼健康很重要,因为蛋白质的摄入可以对肠道菌丛产生积极影响,并促进肠上皮粘膜屏障对营养物质的吸收,有利于骨骼代谢[14]。另一方面,肠道菌丛与蛋白质的代谢和利用有关。肠道细菌有能力将未消化的蛋白质分解成氨基酸,也能从氮源合成必需氨基酸[15, 16]。均衡的饮食和适当比例的膳食纤维、蛋白质和矿物质对骨骼肌肉健康有积极的影响。

免疫调节

肠道菌丛与人体免疫系统功能息息相关,共生在肠道粘膜表面及肠腔内无数的肠道菌丛可以调节机体新陈代谢,器官发育、免疫调节因子的释放、免疫细胞成熟和神经分化,从而识别无害抗原,清除致病病原体,维持机体稳态平衡[17-19].。目前已证实肠道微生物在骨质疏松发病机制中的作用,主要涉及骨代谢相关的淋巴细胞和细胞因子产生。肥胖和代谢综合征是众所周知的骨性关节炎的危险因素,因为关节负荷过重和低度全身炎症,并且 GM 与其发病机制有关[20-22]

肠-脑-骨轴

肠道菌群可以调节激素和神经递质。例如血清素(5-HT),作为近年来研究的重要的神经递质,被认为通过肠道微生态调节骨代谢,从而影响骨健康[23]

 

近20年来,通过不同层面的动物实验和人类调查研究证实肠道微生态在骨骼肌肉疾病(骨质疏松症、骨关节炎、骨肿瘤等)发生发展中的作用,为我们提供了新的视角。因此,寻求探索开发应用患者肠道微生态作为工具,并推动基于肠道微生态在骨骼肌肉疾病中的靶向治疗,这可能有助于提高治疗的疗效,进一步减轻患者主要痛苦。

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